Never eat underdone pork.

The highest priced meat is not the most nutritious.

Cereals and vegetables require more mastication than meats.

Remember that all cereals can not be cooked too much for good digestion.

The "nutty flavor" of cereals is largely concealed by serving them with sugar. Try them with cream and no sugar.

Of every 100 pounds of flour, only 1 comes from the soil, the other 99 are from the air.

Meat is composed of fibrin, myosin, albumen, water, fat and mineral matter. The first three make flesh, the mineral matter, bone.

In cooking meats and vegetables do not boil but simmer them at a emperature of about 180 degrees. This prevents the breaking of the vegetables, the hardening of the albumen, and saves fuel.

When potatoes are pared before boiling there is a considerable loss of mineral salts and organic nutrient. To cook the potato with the least loss it should not be pared.

The potato is not a valuable food unless used with fish. meat, eggs, or some food rich in nitrogen.

In Ireland potatoes are used with liberal quantites of skimmed milk or butter-milk, which contains nitrogen.

The average American family, probably, does not throw away food enough to support the average French family. As the American is the best dressed person in the world, so is he the best fed. His history, his achievements, the demands upon him, his present conditions, are all different from those of the foreigner, and what may seem to be a lavish or even wasteful food
supply, may not always prove to be so. But there is truth in the statement that as a people we are more wasteful with foods than we should be. This waste often begins at the market in buying too much or too little, in buying fruits and vegetables out of season, and especially in buying trimmed meats, leaving the trimmings at the shop. The greatest waste of food is not found in the families of abundant means unless the care of things is left entirely to indifferent servants, when the waste is enormous. The greatest waste among the very poor is generally due to unwise buying and improper cooking. Distinguish between refuse and waste. Refuse is what is not fit to be eaten and thrown away, while waste is what might be utilized as food and still thrown away.

The breakfast foods so generally used in this country, are not desirable foods for all people. Unless well cooked, they are responsible for many "sour" stomachs. When well cooked, every one can not eat them with advantage. People suffering from catarrh of the stomach will not find cereals especially suited to them. If properly cooked and served they are an addition to the breakfast of well people.

Be very careful in buying canned meats. Never buy large cans. Bacteria are sometimes found in the centers of large cans of meat that insufficient cooking has failed to destroy. It may not be generally known that the almost tasteless piece of meat that has been first placed in cold water and boiled for soup or broth, contains nearly all the protein of the meat. While
not a juicy piece, if properly seasoned, and combined with vegetables, or made into stews and gravies with milk, it becomes a nutritous food.

If the meat alone is to be used after boiling, as a pot-roast, or simple boiled beef, plunge the meat into boiling water and let it boil ten minutes 212 degrees F. Then drop the temperature to 180 degrees F. This way of boiling will cook the meat thoroughly without its becoming tough and dry.
Rules for Selecting a Butcher. The butcher should not be simply a dealer in meats, but a professional, having expert knowledge of meats. Always judge
him:

1. By his apron.
2. By his breath.
3. By his hands.
4. By his shop.
5. By his experience.

If milk is to be left at the house in the morning before any one is up to take care of it, make some suitable arrangement so that the bottle will not have to stand on the back porch in the sun. This condition is still worse if the milk is taken from a can and poured into a crock or other receptacle that may not be properly covered. In warm weather, especially if the milk is to be fed to a sick person or to a little child, the supply should go
direct from the dealer to the ice chest.

Remember that a fly in a cup of milk is sufficient excuse for throwing it away, especially if there is a case of sickness in the family, or the milk is to be fed to an infant.

Never use milk bottles for any other purpose. As soon as emptied, rinse and fill with cold water until they can be properly cleaned. Dr. S. D. Belcher, Department of Health, City of New York, says that in case of any communicable disease in the family no milk bottle should leave the premises unless it has been boiled for ten minutes.

We demand much of the man who sells us the milk, and in justice to him, proper care should be taken of the bottles, that they are net lost or broken and especially that no disease germs are taken in them from the house.

WHAT COOKING MEANS.

"Cooking means the knowledge of Medea, and Circe, and of Calypso, and of Helen, and of Rebekah, and of the Queen of Sheba. It means the knowledge of all herbs, and fruit, and balms, and spices, and of all that is healing and sweet in fields and groves and savory in meats; it means carefulness and inventiveness, and watchfulness, and willingness, and readiness of appliance; it means the economy of your great-grandmothers and the science of modern chemists; it means much tasting and no wasting; it means English thoroughness, and French art, and Arabian hospitality; it means, in fine, that you are to be perfectly and always, ladies (loaf givers) ; and, as you are to see imperatively that everybody had something pretty to put on, so you are to see, yet more imperatively, that everybody has something nice
to eat."---Ruskin.

A WORD ABOUT BREAKFAST.

It is probably true that the average American family makes too little of breakfast both in regard to its preparation, and its serving. A breakfast is as important as any meal of the day. "A good breakfast begins the day before and lasts until the next day."

There are many people who can get along, and perhaps better do so, with a roll or a bit of toast and coffee, but for laboring people, school children, students, teachers, business men and women, and others who are doing the real work of the world, something more is needed. As a rule, these people are served with rather a light meal, or luncheon at noon, with the dinner at six, and no other meal between dinner and breakfast.

Let us be slow to depart from the generous, old-fashioned breakfasts of good country houses, but copy them as much as we can in town. Some nice cereal, well cooked, served with cream, some good meat with a vegetable, nice, hot griddle cakes with maple syrup, when it can be procured, a little marmalade or preserves when fresh fruits cannot be had, coffee or whatever warm drink is used, and so on.

Eight months of Michigan climate call for the warm, nourishing breakfast. Let it be a comfortable, cheery meal, made up of some variety, with plenty of warm plates, and time in which to eat it.

GARBAGE.

Properly speaking garbage means table-waste and the refuse from preparing foods. Being either vegetable or animal in substance, it rapidly decomposes. In disposing of household waste, there should be practiced what is known in New York City as "Primary Separation." This consists in placing in separate receptacles garbage and ashes and the rubbish in boxes or bags.

This method would naturally suggest itself to the average, intelligent housekeeper if her attention should be called to it, but in New York it had to be explained by household visitations and cards printed in many languages, under the care of the district superintendents. It is enough to say here that the garbage of this great city is now so efficiently handled and reduced that it has become a source of revenue.

In places like Ann Arbor and other towns where there is no legalized and enforced system for the daily collection and disposition of garbage, the same, if not greater discrimination, should be used as to what goes into the garbage can.

Where the contents are only taken away two or three times a week, and, in many instances, fed to animals, any objectionable matter that quickly decomposes should be burned at once, or, separated into small parts and thrown into the sewer. Such are the refuse from fish, poultry, decayed fruits and vegetables.

Burying garbage in small town lots is not to be recommended. There should be, in the average sized family, very little to go into the garbage pail. Some of the best regulated households in Ann Arbor have so little garbage that it is difficult, sometimes impossible, to get a garbage man to take it away. This is a great recommendation and speaks highly for the management of food and its preparation in such households.

In warm weather the can should be kept out of doors, tightly covered, and washed and scalded at least once a week. During freezing weather, if the amount is small and carefully sorted, an earthen crock, covered, may be kept in the basement or some place away from foods where it will not freeze, emptied two or three times a week and washed each time. This kind of
carefulness always pays and' involves little extra labor. Where the amount is necessarily large, as in hotels and boarding houses, special arrangements for daily collection should be made.

EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The tables, dietary studies and nearly all of the statistics regarding foods, their nutritive values and preparations, used in Part II of this book, have been compiled from bulletins issued by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, office of Experiment Stations. These reports, published from time to time, most of them for free distribution, are very valuable, and the housekeeper especially would do well to become familiar with them.

The first agricultural experiment station was formed over fifty years ago, by a little company of farmers, under the patronage of Leipsic University, in the little German village of Moeckern. In 1875, through the efforts largely of W. O. Atwater, Professor of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middleton, Conn., the first agricultural station in this country was established. In 1887 it received support from the government and became a
national institution. In 1888 the central office was established at Washington. A few years later the study of the "Investigation of the Laws of Nutrition and the Economy of the Food of Man" was systematically undertaken in connection with the other work of the department, with Dr. Atwater as special agent in charge of nutrition investigations. This last enterprise is becoming increasingly great in interest and importance. The work of the experimental food stations has been referred to under "Food
Values." The different experiment stations now receive an annual income of a million of dollars and employ hundreds of persons as chemists, veterinarians, agriculturists, dairymen, botanists, officials and clerks.

HOUSEHOLD ECONOMICS IN UNIVERSITIES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS.

Efforts to teach domestic economy have met with more or less success in the University of Wisconsin, Leland Stanford Junior, Lake Forest University, Iowa State Agricultural College, University of Illinois, and Chicago University. Other agencies for the extension of this work are: "The great institutes, Pratt, Drexel, the College for the Training of Teachers, and Armour, a portion of the general University Extension movement." The
Sanitary Science Club, formed by the Collegiate Alumnæ did pioneer work along this line. The Federation of Woman's Clubs has worked upon the basis laid down by the National Household Economic Association formed in 1893.
Philadelphia and New York, each through its Civic League, Boston and smaller towns are doing, practically, the same work. Special nutritious investigations have been carried on in the Pennsylvania College for Women, in Boston, Springfield, Mass., University of Missouri, Chicago University, University of Minnesota, Dakota Agricultural College, University of Illinois, Lake Erie Seminary, Ohio; University of Tennessee, and Maine State
College. Many other institutions have become interested in the subject and are making inquiries relative to the establishment of stations or departments whenever the money can be obtained for that purpose.

Foods and food preparations form the most important part of household economics.

The State Board of Health wishes it to be understood that its efforts are designed to aid and to be in the interest of the consumptive, as well as all other persons.

CONSUMPTION IS A DISEASE DANGEROUS TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH. IT MUST BE REPORTED TO THE LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER.

Substance of Resolution Adopted by the Michigan State Board of Healths.
---Hereafter consumption shall be included in the official list of "Diseases dangerous to the public health," referred to in Sections 4452 and 4453, Compiled Laws of 1897, requiring notice by householders and physicians to the local health officer, as soon as such disease is recognized.

In this resolution the question of isolation of the patient is not mentioned. Its purpose is to secure to the local health authorities and to the State Board of Health valuable information, including knowledge of the location of each case of this most dangerous disease,---commonly known as "Consumption of the lungs," with the view of placing in the hands of the patient reliable information how to avoid reinfecting himself or herself, or giving the disease to others, and in the hands of those most endangered, information how to avoid contracting this disease.

The friends of every person sick with consumption should insist that the attending physician shall protect his patron by reporting the disease, because failure to report to the local health officer a known case of a "disease dangerous to the public health, "renders the householder liable to a fine, and to imprisonment if the fine is not paid.

A consumptive, or any person who has a cough, should never swallow any of the sputa raised from the lungs, because that adds danger of reinfection. If sputa containing tubercle bacilli are swallowed, consumption of the bowels may result, and perhaps tubercular meningitis, or even general tuberculosis, which is very likely to prove fatal; whereas, so long as the disease is confined to the lungs, there is often good prospects of recovery, especially if knowledge of the true nature of the disease is gained in its early stages.

Consumption is the most destructive disease, the number of persons per year dying from this cause, in Michigan amounting to about two thousand.

Consumption is a dangerous communicable disease, the most dangerous one in Michigan. One consumptive may spread the disease to very many healthy persons. The chief danger exists in the expectoration of the consumptive person, and if this expectoration is carefully destroyed before it is dried, little danger need be feared; but a handkerchief should be used as a guard when coughing, or speaking forcibly, so as not to let the spray or little droplets of sputum reach any place where the germs might infect a person.

Consumptives should not spit upon sidewalks, the floors of rooms, public halls, street and railway cars, and other vehicles, nor where fowls or dairy cows may take in the sputum, or the dust of it with their food. They should spit into pieces of cloth, or receptacles made for the purpose, containing a saturated solution of carbolic acid (one part of carbolic acid crystals to about fifteen parts of water). Such pieces of cloth should be destroyed by fire, before the sputa become dry, and other receptacles should be cleansed with scalding water, their contents having been destroyed or otherwise carefully disposed of. Handkerchiefs which may have been used from necessity should be boiled half an hour before washing.

It is best that ALL PERSONS WHO HAVE A COUGH should carry small pieces of cloth (each just large enough to properly receive one sputum) and araffined paper envelopes, or wrappers in which the cloth, as soon as once used, may be put and securely enclosed, and, with its envelope, burned on the first
opportunity.

Remember that the sputum must not be swallowed, nor allowed to become dry.

By direction of the State Board of Health.
HENRY B. BAKER.
Secretary.

DIET FOR DIABETICS.

1. Foods Allowed.---Eggs, fish, fowl, and meat of all kinds, except liver and oysters. Butter, olive oil and fats of all kinds. Cheese. Nuts of all kinds except chestnuts. Olives, cucumbers, mushrooms, young onions. String beans, water-cress, asparagus tips, tomatoes, pickles, sauer-kraut, seakale, dandelions, turnip-tops, spinach, lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts. (The green colored parts of vegetables are the least harmful). Custard, blanc-mange (if made of Irish Moss). Milk in moderate quantities, buttermilk, cream, koumiss, tea, coffee, cocoashells, plain soda water, Vichy, Apollinaris. To sweeten tea, coffee, custard, etc., glycerine or saccharin may be used. Fruits, like lemons, sour oranges, sour cherries, cranberries, and red currants.

2. Foods Forbidden.---White-colored vegetables and those which grow below the ground. Turnips, beets, parsnips, carrots, radishes, celery, potatoes, wheat, oatmeal, rye, corn, rice, sago, tapioca, squash, peas, beans. Fruit, except those mentioned above. Bread of all kinds (not even the so-called "diabetic breads" are to be used except by the express permission of the physician), crackers, pastry, macaroni, vermicelli. Sugar and sweetened foods, jam, syrup, molasses, sweet pickles, cocoa, chocolate. Soups must not be "thickened."

I. CHILDREN AND INVALIDS.
Never give so-called soothing syrups.

Four essentials for the welfare of the child: pure air, food, pure water, and sleep.

Every child should sleep more or less in the afternoon until he is six years old at least.

Do not rock babies to sleep. At regular intervals of time place the child awake upon the bed and he will form the habit of falling asleep with no assistance from any one.

Little children should be put to bed as early as six in winter and seven in summer.

Never allow a child to go to bed with cold or wet feet.

Holding an infant's feet to an open fire is a delight to the child and excellent for its health. Always keep the chest, bowels, hands and feet warm.

When hot applications are needed, and the rubber water bag is too large or heavy, use little bags filled with meal heated in the oven. The fingers of an old kid glove may answer the same purpose. Nice for the baby with the ear ache.

The long skirt is burdensome to infants and should never be tolerated. For the first few months make them of medium length. By the time the child is three months old, the short skirt should be worn.

The child's first set of teeth number twenty. They usually appear in about the following order: 2 central lower (incisors) from 5 to 9 months, 4 upper central, 2 lower central, 4 front double (molars), 4 canine (2 upper called "eye" teeth, 2 lower, "stomach" teeth), 4 back double. At one year a child usually has 6 teeth. At one and one-half years, 12 teeth. At two years, 16 teeth. At two and one-half years, 20 teeth.

Never allow an invalid to eat warmed over food, especially meats. Do not allow the food to stand in the sick room after the patient is through eating.

Use the best linen, the best china and glass on the invalid's tray.

For people who are confined in bed a complete change of clothing night and morning is very restful and desirable.

Beware of giving laxatives. Give more water and relaxing foods. Water is one of the great agents in relieving constipation.

Most people do not drink water enough. Hot water will often quench thirst better than cold.

What to do Until the Doctor Comes.

When a person is known to have swallowed a poison the first thing to do is to empty the stomach. This may be done in two ways, viz.: by an emetic, or by means of a flexible rubber tube. As the use of the latter requires some experience, the better way, usually, is to give an emetic promptly. The following is a list of the more common safe emetics. If an emetic is not at hand, the back of the throat may be tickled with the finger or a feather.
This act will, generally, induce vomiting.

Emetics.
1. Warm water taken freely is a mild emetic, and has the advantage of being readily obtained. Two tablespoonfuls of common salt added to a half pint improves its efficacy. Do not give warm water in arsenic poisoning.

2. Mustard is one of the most valuable emetics for narcotic poisoning. One tablespoonful of ground mustard in half a pint of tepid water. Administer it all.

3. Common lard, melted and given in large quantities, is a ready-at-hand emetic. It should be administered copiously and almost constantly until vomiting occurs. Never give it or any other fat in case of poisoning by phosphorus, matches, etc.

4. Ipecac. A half teaspoonful or a little less of the powder is a common emetic. The syrup or wine of ipecac is sometimes found in the house. Dose of the latter, two tablespoonfuls, repeated in a half dose, in a few minutes if necessary. 5. Alum is a safe emetic, usually found in every household. It is best given by mixing a heaping teaspoonful in a half
teacup of syrup. If the syrup be not at hand, use water. Give a teaspoonful every ten minutes until vomiting is produced.

Stimulants.

In threatened collapse, especially after an active poison has been taken, stimulants must be used at the proper time, usually after all the other expedients have been employed.

1. Strong coffee is one of the best domestic stimulants, especially after a narcotic poison, as opium, for instance, has been taken.

2. Ammonia in the form of common spirits, frequently called hartshorn, or as aromatic spirits, is a prompt stimulant. Apply a few drops to a handkerchief and hold to the nose. The carbonate of ammonia and aromatic spirits are also administered internally. A half teaspoonful of the aromatic spirits can be given in a little water, preferably with sugar added. It is of special use in poisoning by acids.

3. Spirits of camphor is a common household stimulant used by inhalation. No other stimulating agent being at hand, three to five drops of the spirits can be given in water internally in cases of threatened collapse with diarrhea.

4. Hot drinks are stimulating. A draught of hot water is sometimes very reviving. So is hot milk, especially if a little food be indicated. Ginger and pepper tea are frequently used to good advantage.

5. Strychnine is probably the stimulant most frequently used by physicians, especially when the action of the heart is weak. If tablets of strychnine are at hand, the exact amount being known, it may be given. Unless under the advice of a physician, more than the sixtieth of a grain should not be administered. A hundredth of a grain, repeated but once in a half hour, is
a safe way of giving it.

6. Next to strychnine the medical profession depend upon the class of stimulants, including brandy and whisky, more than any other. Unless these are cleary indicated, and the urgency of the case demands their use, the domestic remedies better be employed until competent medical advice be obtained.

POISONS.

Arsenic Poisoning.

1. Arsenic is one of the commonest corrosive poisons, as it is found in almost every household in the form of rat poison or as a preservative for taxidermist's work. Common Paris green, so generally used as a bug destroyer and insecticide, is an arsenious preparation liable to be eaten by both man and beast. The chemical antidote for arsenic is a freshly prepared form of iron and must be obtained at once from the drug store. Iron rust, if obtainable, may be given in water. Use emetics until the
proper article can be obtained from the druggist or physician.

If a stomach tube be at hand, or one can be improvised, use it at once, and remove contents of stomach by copious flushings. Administer raw eggs, oily mucilaginous drinks, as greasy water. A dose of salts among other things should be given. Lime, given in water, taken from white-washed walls, fences, or ceiling, if not otherwise obtainable, can be used. Do not give
clear, warm water.

Phosphorus Poisoning.

2. Children sometimes chew off the heads of matches or eat rat poison made with phosphorus. Almost any emetic will do except greasy oils and fats. Magnesia sulphates should follow the emetic. Old oil of turpentince is the chemical antidote. A teaspoonful at a time should be given often for a few times. The whites of eggs may be given after the drugs.

Ptomain or Food Poisoning.

3. By Ptomains are meant the active, poisonous substances caused by the decomposition of albuminous foods. Cases of such poisonings have been known to result from eating sausages, boiled ham, cold meats, fish and shell-fish, veal pie, chicken pie, pork pie, bacon, roast beef, canned meats, ice cream, cream, butter and cheese. The symptoms of this kind of poisoning are
that a few hours after eating the poisonous food, the person is seized with nausea, vomiting, cramps and purging. If two or more persons, who have eaten of the same food, are similarly seized, it is pretty safe to infer that this form of poisoning has occurred. If there is any question as to whether the vomiting and diarrhea have cleansed the stomach, administer a purge. If fainting and collapse follow, give stimulants freely. Corrosive Sublimate or Bichloride of Mercury.

4. This article is used largely as an antiseptic and has accidentally been taken internally with fatal results. Treatment: If vomiting be not already present, use one of the active emetics. Follow the emetic with milk, mucilage, flour water, arrow-root, starch water, white of egg, etc. As many as two dozen eggs have been used in single cases. After liberal administration of one of the demulcents, stimulate if necessary.

Coal-Gas Poisoning.

5. Coal-gas often escapes from base burners. Resort to artificial respiration when a person is suffering from asphyxiation from this gas. Oxygen gas should be given at once and continued. This can rarely be done without the aid of a physician. The oxygen is very important. Open the doors and windows and give the patient plenty of fresh air. Send immediately for the doctor. Venesection and transfusion of blood are sometimes resorted to. If the patient is near a drug store, or chemical lab-
oratory where a receiver of gas can be obtained, dispatch your messenger at once, ready for the doctor when he comes. Patients sometimes linger for weeks with this kind of asphyxiation.

6. Sulphate of Copper (blue vitriol). Emetics if necessary, raw eggs, milk. Copper poisoning has resulted from the cooking of food in copper vessels. This is generally an unsafe way of cooking.

7. Hydrate of Chloral. Use stimulants, warmth to extremeties, mustard over heart and calves of legs, artificial respiration.

8. Sulphuric Acid, Muriatic Acid, Nitric and Acetic Acid. Use magnesia, lime, raw egg, milk.

9. Carbolic Acid. Emetics if necessary, raw eggs, castor oil, Epsom salts in large quantities. Alcohol is one of the best antidotes for carbolic acid. This fact should be more generally known.

10. Nux Vomica or Strychnine. Tannin is the chemical antidote. If obtainable in no other way, use tea or coffee, that which has been standing some time is best. Give the tea, grounds and all. Give fresh tea, even the dry leaves rather than delay.The stomach should be emptied if possible and more tannin solution given. Expedite the coming of the physician with the
greatest celerity. The poisoned one is apt to have spasm which will prevent the passage of the stomach tube or even the administration of restorative drugs.

11. Lye. Poisoning with lye or potash preparations occurs sometimes, especially when domestic soap making is going on. Administer vinegar, lemon or other sour fruit juices, sour or "hard" cider. Raw eggs, olive or other oils, or barley water, should be given to allay the corrosion produced by the potash. If the patient suffers from weakness, administer strong coffee.

12. Bites of Insects, Spiders, Bees, etc. Give weak solution of ammonia to neutralize the formic acid which is the irritating poison of the sting. Alum, the bruised leaves of the dock, and the juice of onions will often afford relief. Wet, fresh clay is also recommended.

13. Bites of Dogs, Cats and Other Pets or Vicious Animals. If the animal is in the least suspected of being rabid, or if the parts bitten be lacerated, send to a surgeon at once. Meantime suck with the lips the injured parts, apply, if at hand, a solution of corrosive sublimate (bichloride of mercury) freely, made by putting one part of the drug into two thousand parts of water. Bichloride tablets may be purchased at any drug store, and are lept in many houses for use. Follow the directions given on the bottle in making the solution. If the animal is known to be rabid or to display marked evidence of being so, cauterize the wound with a hot iron. If nothing better be at hand, the end of a poker, the head or point of a nail, a button hook, or hair-pin, according to the size of the wound, may be heated red-hot and touched to the laceration. If the bite or scratch be made by a healthy animal, the parts may be bathed with the mercury soulution or, at least, should be washed clean with water previously boiled. Dress with a clean bandage.

14. Snake Bites. The only venomous snake likely to be encountered in Michigan, is the ordinary Massasauga, or small rattlesnake. When bitten by a serpent, suck out all the venom from the wound at once, if practicable. It is believed that the venom is harmless unless the skin of the lips or mouth is broken. Bandage tightly above the bite to prevent the poison from being absorbed. Administer stimulants (whisky preferable) freely.

Whenever any accident that may result in injury occurs, or any case of poisoning, send as soon as possible for a physician or surgeon as the case demands.

If a child swallows a pin, a piece of money, a bit of glass, or any similar object, never give a cathartic or anything to loosen the bowels. Feed the child all it will eat of mashed potatoes, soft bread, cake, pudding or any kind of similar food. The objectionable article will in this way be more apt to pass away with the food, with no internal injury.

Cuts and Wounds.
For an ordinary cut on the finger there is nothing better than to tie it up immediately in its own blood in a clean bandage. If there are any foreign substances in the wound, as bits of glass, specks of dirt, threads of cloth, etc., these must be carefully removed by washing with clean water, that has been boiled. This is the safest way. If the wound is at all deep, it should be dressed with some antiseptic solution, and firmly bandaged to draw together the edges of the wound. In anything at all serious always send for a surgeon.

Frost Bites.
Always treat with snow, ice, or cloths wrung out of very cold water. Never carry a person that suffers from freezing into a warm room. After horoughly rubbing with the cold applications, the temperature may be gradually increased.

Sunstroke or Heat Stroke.
Do not wait to remove patient to his home if away but carry to a shade at once. Loosen the clothes, apply ice or very cold water to the head, especially the back of the head. When practicable, wrap the patient in sheets wrung out of cold water, frequently changing. If much depression follows, give stimulants while applying the cold treatment. Later employ rest and quiet, with warm applications to feet and cold to head.

For Quick-lime in the Eye.
Remove if you can the bits of lime, then wash the eye in one part vinegar and three parts water. The vinegar neutralizes the lime. A good way to wash the eye is to immerse it in water and wink.

Burns.
For slight burns use any one of the following: Common baking soda (bicarbonate), starch, flour, magnesia, charcoal, vaseline, olive, linseed or castor oil or fresh lard. Cover thickly to exclude the air. Equal parts of sweet oil and lime water is an excellent remedy. Do not let the burn, if at all serious, be exposed to the air any longer than necessary. Carbolized vaseline or cosmoline, a five per cent mixture, is easily obtained at the drug store. These carbolized applications not only protect the burned parts, but are antiseptic and help to reduce the pain. If blisters form open them at the side, and dry with a clean, soft cloth. A large surface burned over is more dangerous than a smaller, deeper one.

If a person's clothes catch fire wrap the person in the first thing handy, as a carpet, rug, blanket or anything of the kind to smother the fire. Keep the flames from the face so as to protect the lungs from the fire. Use water freely.

Another Remedy for Burns.
Mix the mature blossom of the cat-tail flag with pure, fresh lard and apply to the burn. The blossoms can be gathered in their season, and kept for use when needed. Make the preparation when needed so that it will be fresh. A very soothing remedy.

Shock from Fright or Accident.
Lay the patient down with the head a little lower than the feet. Loosen the clothing. Apply hot applications to the surface of the body but not to the head. If the patient is able to swallow (be sure of it, or strangulation may result), give hot milk, brandy, or other stimulant as required.

Fainting.
In ordinary fainting the person becomes unconscious, some times from a very slight cause. Lay the patient flat upon the back; loosen clothes; give plenty of fresh air; administer smelling salts or ammonia; keep people out of the room except those caring for the patient. After recovery the patient should be kept quiet and stimulants of a mild character given.

Tetanus or Lockjaw is supposed to be caused by a bacillus that lives in dirt or dust, and is frequently introduced into the blood by abrasions caused by stepping on rusty nails, tacks, old bits of glass or iron, or by breaking the skin with old wood splinters. People should be exceedingly careful never to step upon such articles, or to scratch the hands with them. Little beyond keeping up the strength of the patient can be done short of surgical aid. The subject is here mentioned to again warn people to be careful.

The following bulletin is issued by the State Board of Health of Michigan, for distribution throughout the State, as a lifesaving measure:

TREATMENT OF THE DROWNED, SUFFOCATED, OR ELECTRICALLY SHOCKED.

Three things to be done: Restore breathing; restore animal heat; restore the circulation of the blood.

Rule 1. Remove all obstructions to breathing. Instantly loosen or cut apart all neck and waist bands; turn the patient on his face, with the head down hill; stand astride the hips with your face towards his head, and, locking your fingers together under his belly, raise the body as high as you can without lifting the forehead off the ground and give the body a smart jerk to remove mucus from the throat and water from the windpipe; hold the body suspended long enough to slowly count one, two, three, four, five, repeating the jerk more gently two or three times. Then act by Rule 2.

Rule 2. Keep the patient's face downward, and maintaining all the while your position astride the body, grasp the points of the shoulders by the clothing, or, if the body is naked, thrust your fingers into the armpits, clasping your thumbs over the points of the shoulders, and raise the chest as high as you can without lifting the head quite off the ground, and hold it long enough to slowly count one, two, three. Replace him on the ground, with his forehead on his flexed arm, the neck straightened out, and the mouth and nose free. Place your elbows against your knees and your hands upon the sides of his chest over the lower ribs and press downward and inward with increasing force long enough to slowly count one, two. Then suddenly let go, grasp the shoulders as before and raise the chest; then press upon the ribs, etc. These alternate movements should be repeated 10 or 15 times a minute for an hour at least, unless breathing is restored sooner. Use the same regularity as in natural breathing. Do not give up too soon. You are working for life. Any time within two hours you may be in the
very threshhold of success without there being any sign of it.

Rule 3. Restore the animal heat. Wrap the patient in warm blankets, apply bottles of hot water, hot bricks, or anything to restore heat. Warm the head nearly as fast as the body, lest convulsions come on. Rubbing the body with warm cloths or the hand, and slapping the fleshy parts may assist to restore warmth, the circulation of the blood, and the breathing also. The rubbing of the limbs should always be from the extremities toward the body. If the patient can surely swallow, give hot coffee, tea, milk, or a little hot sling. Give spirits sparingly, lest they produce depression. Place the patient in a warm bed, and give plenty of fresh air; keep him quiet.
AVOID DELAY. A moment may turn the scale for life or death. Dry ground, shelter warmth, stimulants, etc., are of secondary importance. The one action of first importance is artificial breathing. Do not stop to remove wet clothing. Precious time is wasted, and the patient may be fatally chilled by exposure of the naked body, even in summer. Give first attention and effort to restore breathing by forcing air into, and out of, the lungs. If the breathing has just ceased, a smart slap on the face, or a vigorous twist of the hair will sometimes start it again, and may be tried incidentally, as may, also, pressing the finger upon the root of the tongue. Before natural breathing is fully restored, do not let the patient lie on his back unless some person holds the tongue forward. The tongue by falling back may close the windpipe and cause fatal choking. If several persons are present, one may hold the head steady, keeping the neck nearly straight; others may remove wet clothing, replacing at once clothing which is dry and warm; they may also chafe the limbs, rubbing toward the body, and thus promote the circulation. Prevent friends from crowding around the patient and excluding fresh air; also from trying to give stimulants before the patient can swallow. The first causes suffocation ; the second, fatal choking.

ELECTRIC SHOCK, ETC.
In suffocation by smoke or any poisonous gas, as also by hanging if the neck is not broken, and in suspended breathing from effects of chloroform, hydrate of chloral, or electric shock, remove all obstructions to breathing, instantly loosen or cut apart all neck and waist bands, then proceed by Rule 2 to induce artificial respiration, taking especial pains to keep the head very low, and, placing the body downward, to prevent closure of the windpipe by the tongue falling back.

WARNING NOT TO BATHE IN SEWAGE POLLUTED STREAMS AND LAKES.

Cases have been reported where typhoid fever has been contracted by bathing in streams below cities and villages. Probably this occurred through accidentally or carelessly taking the infected water into the mouth. No person should bathe in an ordinary stream just below any city, village, or other source of sewage or privy draining, or in any harbor or lake near the entrance into it of a sewer or the drainage of a privy.

Rules to be Observed.
1. In every house where there has been a case of contagious disease, whether such disease has resulted in recovery or not, thorough disinfection of all the articles that have been used in the room, dishes, clothing, towels, bedding, etc., should be made at once. This is necessary to prevent the possible spread of the disease to others, it being known that disease germs may linger and be active in houses for months if not for years.

2. The health officer of the place where the disease has prevailed, whether city, village or township, should be advised at once that disinfection is required.

3. In case the health officer performs his duty promptly, it is usually safe to presume that he understands fully the art and technique of disinfection and he should be entrusted with it.

4. If for any reason one desires to disinfect a room, clothing or other articles, the following directions had better be observed, for they are practically summarised from directions given by the State Board of Health of Michigan.

5. All articles like dishes, spoons, knives and forks, napkins, towels, light bedding, etc., that are not injured by boiling should be boiled. Nothing is so effectual in destroying germs as prolonged heat.

6. If it is not convenient to place articles in boiling water in the room where they have been soiled, they should, before being removed to another part of the house, be rinsed in a solution of corrosive sublimate. The solution is made by dissolving two or three drams of the sublimate in three gallons of water. Silverware and other metalic utensils should not be placed in this solution, as the corrosive sublimate is a chemical compound of mercury, usually called bichloride of mercury, which corrodes metals.

7. Of all the materials now in use for disinfecting rooms, houses, bedding, and such articles to which boiling heat can not be applied, formaldehyde gas is regarded the best because it is the surest to kill germs if properly applied. Formaldehyde, as sold in the drug shops, is, or ought to be, a forty per cent solution of formaldehyde gas in water, although it can be had in a solid form, which, for many reasons, makes it better to handle if the gas is to be generated by means of heat. For every thousand cubic feet of space to be disinfected, eight or ten fluid ounces of formaldehyde will be required according to the method of applying it. Health officers and others, who hold themselves in readiness to disinfect at all times, usually use quite an expensive apparatus for vaporizing the formaldehyde and injecting it into rooms through key- or gimlet-holes. This method, although very satisfactory in the hands of one accustomed to use it, is not adapted to domestic use. For home use the best way to disinfect a room is to paste strips of paper over all the cracks and crevices about doors, windows, etc. Spread over chairs, bedsteads, frames, or upon some other support free from the floor, bedding, clothing, rugs, etc., that are to be disinfected with the room. Everything should be ready for the immediate and rapid sprinkling of the formaldehyde before the jug or bottle that contains it is uncorked, because the fumes begin immediately to disseminate in the atmosphere and one cannot for more than a moment endure to remain where the gas is diffusing in the air.

Now to apply the disinfectant. Spread bedsheets, or if they are not at hand, papers over chairs, frames or upon lines in the room. Sprinkle the liquid formaldehyde just as it comes from the drug store upon the sheets or papers as rapidly as possible with an ordinary garden sprinkling can. So soon as one begins the sprinkling he will readily see the necessity of working fast. The sprinkling done, leave the room and cork up the cracks about the door. Ten ounces of the liquid should be used by this method to every one thousand feet of cubic space in the room. A room treated as directed should not be opened for twenty-four hours, then the windows may be opened and the fumes be allowed to disappear gradually. As soon as the room can be entered, carpets, if they be tacked down, should be removed and the floors mopped with the corrosive sublimate solution. Great care should be taken to have the solution enter and moisten all the cracks in the floor and about the corners. After the mopping is done and the floor dry, the room is ready to be put in order.

8. Small articles like single garments or an entire suit of clothes may be disinfected in a box or a barrel. The pieces to be disinfected should be laid loosely upon cords or slats near the bottom of the box. A liberal amount of formaldehyde is then sprinkled upon loose cloths or papers placed upon the bottom of the box which is immediately closed tightly. A small closet is a preferable place for disinfection.

9. If an infectious disease that is dangerous to the health of others prevail in the house, and a competent nurse be not in charge, a solution of bichloride of mercury, like that mentioned in No. 6, should be kept in stock all the time. This solution, weakened by adding a pint to a quart of water, should be used for rinsing the hands, of whoever is caring for the invalid, upon leaving the sick room. The hair, whiskers, face and clothes, for the sake of greater safety, should be brushed lightly with the same.
10. If a competent nurse be in charge of a sick person, she will be trained in all that appertains to the safeguard of the family and her advice should be strictly followed.

Many people cannot easily digest bananas, especially children, although they are used in great quantities in this country. For very young children they are not recommended. The flour made from well ripened bananas is highly digestible and can be made into porridge as other flour, served with cream if desired.

Perhaps the meat preparation that is most frequently used for invalids, is beef tea. Contrary to the popular belief, beef tea is very deficient in nutritive matter. As usually prepared, it amounts to little more than a palatable stimulant, containing extractives, salines and no albumen. It may be given occasionally to convalescents requiring a timulant, as it is generally well borne. A person would die of starvation if obliged to depend very long upon beef tea as a food.

Dish cloths should be made of soft cloth, either new or old, and hemmed as well as dish towels. Frequently change and put in the general washing where they will be boiled. After each using both dish towels and cloths should be well rinsed and hung in the sun or by a fire to dry. Germs accumulate rapidly on dish cloths unless kept clean.

The proper care of dish cloths, dish towels, scrubbing cloths, mops, garbage cans, dark corners in cellars and attics, is more important than the care of the parlor. A "far-reaching" interest in these places and things always pays.